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A massive open cluster hiding in full sight

I. Negueruela, A.-N. Chené, H. M. Tabernero, R. Dorda, J. Borissova, A. Marco, R. Kurtev

Abstract
Obscuration and confusion conspire to limit our knowledge of the inner Milky Way. Even at moderate distances, the identification of stellar systems becomes compounded by the extremely high density of background sources. Here, we provide a very revealing example of these complications by unveiling a large, massive, young cluster in the Sagittarius arm that has escaped detection until now despite containing more than 30 stars brighter than G = 13. By combining Gaia DR2 astrometry, Gaia and 2MASS photometry, and optical spectroscopy, we find that the new cluster, which we name Valparaiso 1, located at ∼2.3 kpc, is about 75 Ma old and includes a large complement of evolved stars, among which we highlight the 4 d classical Cepheid CM Sct and an M-type giant that probably represents the first detection of an asymptotic giant branch star in a Galactic young open cluster. Although strong differential reddening renders accurate parameter determination unfeasible with the current data set, direct comparison to clusters of similar age suggests that Valparaiso 1 was born as one of the most massive clusters in the solar neighbourhood, with an initial mass close to 104M⁠.

Keywords
stars: evolution; Hertzsprung-Russell and colour-magnitude diagrams; supergiants; stars: variables: Cepheids; open clusters and associations: individual: Valparaiso 1; Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies; Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume 505, Issue 2, Page 1618
2021 August

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Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia COMPETE 2020 PORTUGAL 2020 União Europeia