M Lourenco, J Barbour, F. S. N. Lobo
Abstract
This work investigates the geometrical properties of self-gravitating N-body systems from the perspective established by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein concerning the operational nature of measured geometry. Utilizing recent numerical analyses of central configurations (special equilibrium solutions to the Newtonian N-body problem), we uncover systematic spatial variations in nearest-neighbor particle separations correlated with the radial distance from the system's center of mass. We argue that these variations reflect a context-dependent, emergent effective geometry shaped by gravitational interactions, in accordance with Poincaré's assertion that measured geometry depends on the forces influencing measuring devices, and Einstein's view that rods and clocks define physical geometry through their local dynamics. By revisiting these foundational insights within a modern computational framework, we provide evidence that geometry in self-gravitating Newtonian systems is not a fixed background but an emergent construct arising from internal physical interactions.
Keywords
General relativity / alternative theories of gravity
Physical Review D
Volume 113, Issue 104068, Page 7
2026 May
