C. Mendes de Oliveira, N. M. Cardoso, P. A. A. Lopes, A. L. Ribeiro, D. E. Olave-Rojas, A. C. Krabbe, L. S. Junior, R. Demarco, A. V. Smith Castelli, R. Cid Fernandes, F. R. Herpich, S. Torres-Flores, E. R. Carrasco, E. Lima, G. B. Oliveira Schwarz, A. P. Costa, L. Doubrawa, G. P. Montaguth, C. Lima-Dias, E. Cypriano, M. S. Carvalho, C. Lobo, M. Fonseca-Faria, L. Nakazono, A. R. Lopes, F. Almeida-Fernandes, A. Kanaan, T. Ribeiro, W. Schoenell

Abstract

Within the framework of the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS), we introduce S-PLUS Clusters And Large-scale Environments (SCALE), a project dedicated to the study of galaxy clusters, groups, and their environments using 12-band photometry of S-PLUS combined with spectroscopic and photometric data from the literature. In this first paper, we present a catalog of 83 previously known systems in the redshift range 0.008 <= z_spec <= 0.1, for which we derive R₂₀₀, M₂₀₀, and velocity dispersions. Spectroscopic members are selected and matched with S-PLUS photometric redshifts (photo-zs). We find very good agreement between literature spectroscopic redshifts (spec-zs) and S-PLUS photometric redshifts (photo-zs), demonstrating the potential of the latter for cluster and group membership determination. As a proof of concept, we obtain photometric memberships for Abell 4038 using the reliable photometric membership technique. A two- and three-dimensional analysis of the region within 10 h^-1 Mpc (10 × R₂₀₀) from the center of Abell 4038 reveals about a dozen substructures including two additional clusters within 1.3 × R₂₀₀ (Abell 4038B and Abell 4049). A color--luminosity segregation analysis shows that more luminous (less luminous) galaxies are redder (bluer), as expected. Low-concentration galaxies (C <= 2.5) exhibit a weaker color--luminosity dependence, compared to higher-concentration ones, indicating mass-dependent evolutionary pathways that challenge a simple morphology--color dichotomy, with low-luminosity galaxies presenting bluer colors largely independent of concentration. The SCALE catalog provides a valuable basis for future studies of large-scale structures and their connection to galaxy evolution.

Keywords
Galaxies / Galaxy clusters / Galaxy groups / Galaxy photometry / 573 / 584 / 597 / 611

The Astrophysical Journal
Volume 1007, Number 202, Page 18
2026 August

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